J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 8(11)1-6, 2018 | ISSN: 2090-4274 |
© 2018, TextRoad Publication | Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences |
www.textroad.com |
1DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofNaturalScience,InstitutTeknologiSepuluhNopemberSurabaya60111, RepublicofIndonesia 2FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,InstitutTeknologiSepuluhNopemberSurabaya60111, RepublicofIndonesia 3DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofScienceandTechnology,AirlanggaUniversitySurabaya60115, RepublicofIndonesia Received: August 4, 2018 Accepted: October 13, 2018
Limited energy sources, price fluctuations and environmental challenges have triggered the Indonesian governmenttocreateanticipativepolicy. Biofuel policyindirectlyincreasedtheusageofbiomass-based energy. Pennisetum purpureum leftoverfromanimalfeed andEichhornia crassipes onthesurfaceoftheriverhavebeen provenasarawmaterialforbioethanolproduction.Thisresearch wastofind outhowtheperformanceofa2000 Watt generator with an alternative concentration of50%pertalite: 50%bioethanol, 100%bioethanol and100% pertalite.Thebiomasssubstratewashydrolyzed usingamixtureof20 Lwater and 7%HCIasmuch as200ml. Saccharomycescerevisiaeutilized forfermentingbiomass.4%ethanol(10 L)wasobtained from4KgPennisetum purpureum dry fermentation. 13Kg of Eichhornia crassipes produced 5% (10 L) of ethanol. 95% ethanol was obtained asmuch as200mlafterdistillation.Theprocessofhydrolysistoobtain ethanoltilltested on thegenerator enginebased on previousstudies.Theresultofpertaliteviscositytestpropertieswas1.42 cSthigherthan 0.38cSt ofbioethanolsothatitaffectspower.E50bioethanol(50%bioethanol:50%pertalite)wasshowthehighestengine performanceresults,effectivepower,torque,andaverageeffectivepressure. KEYWORDS:bioethanol,engineperformance,biomass
Indonesian population growth andrapid development of industrial fields caused an increase in energy demandand adecrease in environmental quality[1]. Theproduction ofpetroleum fuel (fossil) in Indonesia has decreased by 10% annually [2], while the average level of oil consumption has increased by 6% per year [3]. Indonesia's fuel reserves are verylimited, Indonesia onlyhas proven reserves, namelyoil 3.7 billion barrels or 0.3%oftheworld'sprovenreserves[4].Oilimportwasonewaytofillenergyconsumption [5].
Governmenteffortstoreducepublicconsumptionoffuelarebyutilizing alternativeenergythroughthe Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 2006 concerning National Energy Policy. The government also targets that in 2016 biofuel utilization can reach 5%. Bioethanol utilization as a mixture of additivesfrom gasolinewhich oftenreferred toasgasohol E-n which haseconomicvalue, it wasrenewableand environmentallyfriendly[6].
Bioethanol produces lower CO gas emissions compared to fossil fuel which was around 19-25% [7]. Bioethanolproduced fromplantsthatcontainbiomasssuch assugar,starch,lignocellulose[8].Theproductionof bioethanol from cellulose was generally through the stages of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The pretreatment process was carried out to facilitate the breakdown of starch and cellulose into glucose[9].
In analyzing theproperties offuel standardization isused. The standardization used was issued bythe National Standardization Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General ofEnergy, Renewable and EnergyConservation,number 7390: 2012, PT 27-04 Bioenergy ICS 27,190concerning denatured Bioethanol for gasohol [10] It ishoped that the application ofbiomass-based andfossil-based fueltechnologycan helpfishermenpreparethemselvesandgetused totheuseofenvironmentally friendlyrenewablefuels.
Corresponding Author: Sri Nurhatika, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh NopemberSurabaya60111,RepublicofIndonesia.E-mail:nurhatika@bio.its.ac.id.
Citation:SriNurhatika,BambangSudarmanta,WirdhatulMuslihatin,LuckyAnzelinaWijaya,TediIrawanPratama,andAchmadArifiyanto;
2018, Biomass Fuel Performance of Eichhornia crassipes and Pennisetum purpureum for Boat-fisherman Generator Engine at
BangkalanMaduraIsland;JournalofAppliedEnvironmentalandBiologicalSciences,8(11)1-6,2018.
Pretreatment
The leaves andstems of water hyacinth as much as 13 kg ofdryweight were taken from the Kedurus reservoir, Surabaya. Pennisetum purpureum amount 4 Kg taken from Kediri area of East Java. Pretreatment conducted physically, waterhyacinth leaves andstemsare separatedfrom theroots, washed clean, drained, and cutintosmallpiecesmeasuring 3 cm,thendried inthesun for14days.
Theresultofpretreatmentwasaddedby25 mLwater.Itheated toaboil untiltheingredientswilt.The materialhasbeen cooled,given1%HCLasmuch as1L,stirred untilhomogeneous, and allowed tostand for 4 hourstopH1-2,then heatedat100°Cuntilboiling,then cooled andadded 10%NaOHtopH4 –4.5 toneutralize pH.
Hydrolysis material added (1.3% of the total volume of solution) urea, NPK and Saccharomyces cereviseae,stirred untilhomogeneous.Fermentation carried outanaerobically.Fermentorsaretightlyclosed with gallon capsandplasticine toprevent contamination. The fermentor uses agallon with avolume of18 L, in the perforatedportion ofthegallon lidtoprovideahoseinsertedin thefermentorandtheendofthehoseconnected toawaterfilled bottleasan indicatorofsuccessornot.Fermentation iscarriedout for9days. Thefermentation wassuccessfulwith themarked appearanceofmanygasbubblesin theindicatorbottle.
Distillationisrequired toreach highlevelsofethanolbyentering thefermentationbrothintoadistillator at80˚Ctoevaporate.Thesteamresultsfromthecondenserwill comeout through thecondenserholeconnected tothehose. Theresultofthedistillation isethanol with acomposition of95%.Measurementofsugarcontentis determined by applying 2-3 drops of the solution sample before fermentation and after fermentation into the refractometer.Tofind outtheethanolcontentfromthedistillationresults,itisdonebytakingadistillation of100 mlofethanol,pouritintoameasuringglassand putan alcoholmetertofindoutthealcoholcontentobtained.
After obtainingand measuring 95%ethanol content,bioethanol propertiestest wasconducted toassess the nature or character of the fuel associated with the performance of the generator engine fuel, among others: Density,SpecificGravity,Viscosityand FlashPoint.Bioethanoltestontheperformanceofthegeneratorengine with different concentrations of fuel 100% Pertalite, 50% Pertalite + 50% bioethanol, 100% bioethanol. Performance results obtained include Effective Power (Bhp), Torque, Average Effective Pressure (Bmep) and SpecificFuelConsumption (BSFC).
Bioethanol from raw materials containing cellulose requires pretreatment and hydrolysis to produce glucose (C6H12O6)which will then be fermented toobtain bioethanol [11]. Bioethanol isknown tohave ahigh octanenumber,soitcan beusedasamixtureofgasoline.Thismixtureisknownasgasohol(En)[12].Thebiomass substratewashydrolyzed usingamixtureof20Lwaterand7%HCIasmuch as200ml.Saccharomycescerevisiae utilized for fermenting biomass. 4% ethanol (10 L) was obtained from 4Kg Pennisetum purpureum dry fermentation.13KgofEichhornia crassipes produced 5%(10 L)ofethanol.95%ethanolwasobtained asmuch as200mlafterdistillation.Theprocessofhydrolysistoobtainethanolthentested onthegeneratorenginebased onpreviousstudies.
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci.,8(11)1-6,2018
BasedonFigure1,thevalueofspecificgravityofbioethanolwasgreaterthanpertalite.Becauseitkept containglycerol andfattyacidswhichhadahigh SGvalue.SGvalueaffectedthevalueofthedensityofafuel becamelarger.Thusbioethanol densitywasalsohigher thanpertalite.Thereforeat thesamevolumebioethanol massfuelinjectedintothecylinderwillbemorethanpertalite[13].
Iftheviscositygetshigher,theresistancetoflowwillbehigher.Thischaracteristicwasveryimportant because it affected the performance of the injector on the engine. Atomization of fuel depended greatly on kinematicviscosity,injectionpressure,andinjectionholessize.Higherviscositymadetheatomizedfuelbecome larger droplets with high momentum and have a tendency to collide with relatively cooler cylindrical walls. Relatively higher kinematic viscosity had better lubrication properties [14]. Flash point was the lowest temperaturewheretheheatedfuelwasabletoproduceamixtureofairfuelvaporwhichignitedwhenasourceof firewasbroughtnearer.FlashpointonbioethanolfromwaterhyacinthobtainedinFigure2.
Powerindicatedtheamountofthemachine'sabilitytoproduceaworkoftimeunion.Theeffectiveengine powerorgotseenthatthegraphofpowerincreasewasdirectlyproportionaltotheincreaseinload
Citation:SriNurhatika,BambangSudarmanta,WirdhatulMuslihatin,LuckyAnzelinaWijaya,TediIrawanPratama,andAchmadArifiyanto; 2018, Biomass Fuel Performance of Eichhornia crassipes and Pennisetum purpureum for Boat-fisherman Generator Engine at BangkalanMaduraIsland;JournalofAppliedEnvironmentalandBiologicalSciences,8(11)1-6,2018.
Ongraph3itinformedthatthehighertheloadgiven,themorefuelinjectedintothecombustionchamber. The highest effective power derived from E50 bioethanol (50% bioethanol: 50% pertalite) which was by (hp 1.398169278)at aload of200wattsandthehigher theloadingof1400 wattswith (hp3.441647454). Thiswas done to keep the engine speed constant while in E100 bioethanol (100% bioethanol) 19.64% lower than E50 bioethanolandE0pertalite(100%pertalite)showedthelowest yield. It wasduetopertaliteheatingvalue(46.5 Mj/Kg)withbioethanolheatingvalue(35.7Mj/Kg)[14],beinghigherandbioethanoldensityvalue(804Kg/ m3)higherthanpertalite(717Kg/m3).Thepowerreleasedfromtheoperationoftheenginewillbedetermined by several factors including the quality of the fuel, especially combustible composition and heating value, the qualityofthegasandcombustionmixture,theefficiencyoftheenginetoconvertcombustiblefueltomechanical energy[15].InFigure3wasshowtheincreaseintorquevaluewasproportionaltotheloadgiven.
The use ofspecific fuels (Specific Fuel Consumption) defined as theamount offuel consumed bythe enginetoproduceeffectivepowerof1hpforanhour(Figure3).Theuseofspecificfuelswithaloadof200watts gavethehighestyieldatE0pertalite(100%pertalite,0.748952026kg/hp.Hours)anditdecreasedwithincreasing loadingupto1200watts.Fuelconsumptionincreased70%incertainloadings,whichisshowningraph3at1400 watts.Sfc(SpecificFuelConsumption)wasarepresentationoftheeffectivenessoftheengineinconsumingfuel. Asmuchlower thesfcvalue,asmuchhigherthelevel offuel effectiveness(moreefficient)[16].Itinferredthat the increasingload, specific fuels usage was tend todecrease. Ethanol production intoamixture ofgasoline or pertaliteatfirstglancelookssimple.However,theresultswillhaveamajorimpactonlarge-scaleimplementation. Indonesiawasapetroleumconsumer countrythatimportsmorethan40%ofitsfuelneeds.Theeffectivenessof theapplicationofgasoholmightsavethestatebudget,sothatstateexpenditurecanbeallocatedforinfrastructure development, education, health services and equitable development. The use of raw materials for ethanol production sourcesderivedfromnon-foodingredientswillalsoguaranteethelong-termsustainabilityofenergy conversionwithoutcreatingathreattotheavailabilityoffood.
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci.,8(11)1-6,2018
Pennisetum purpureum and Eichhornia crassipes were proven produce ethanol. Ethanol reached 95% puritythrough distillation process. Theresult ofpertaliteviscositytest propertieswas 1.42cSt higher than 0.38 cStbioethanolsothatitaffectspower.Thehighesteffectivepowerderived fromE50 bioethanol(50%bioethanol: 50%pertalite). Thehighest torqueproduced from E50 bioethanol (50%bioethanol: 50%pertalite). Thehighest average effective pressure got from E50 bioethanol (50% bioethanol: 50% pertalite). The use of specific fuels with aload of200 wattsshowsthehighestyield atE0pertalite(100%pertalite).
The authors whose names are listed immediately below certifythat theyhave NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professionalrelationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in thesubject matter or materialsdiscussed in this manuscript.
SNand AAdesigned and performed theexperimentsand alsowrotethemanuscript. BS, LAW,andTI performed laboratory treatments, experiments, and data analysis. WM, AA and SN designed experiments and reviewed themanuscript.Allauthorsreadand approved thefinalversion.
9. Taherzadeh MJandKarimiK.2008.PretreatmentofLignocellulosicWastetoImproveBioethanoland BiogasProduction.Int.J.Mol.Sci.9:1621-1651.
Citation:SriNurhatika,BambangSudarmanta,WirdhatulMuslihatin,LuckyAnzelinaWijaya,TediIrawanPratama,andAchmadArifiyanto; 2018, Biomass Fuel Performance of Eichhornia crassipes and Pennisetum purpureum for Boat-fisherman Generator Engine at BangkalanMaduraIsland;JournalofAppliedEnvironmentalandBiologicalSciences,8(11)1-6,2018.