J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci.,8(7) 01 -91 , 2018 | ISSN: 2090-4274 |
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1DepartmentofAgronomy,SindhAgriculturalUniversity,TandoJamPakistan. 2DepartmentofPlantBreadingandGenetics,ShaheedZulfiquarAliBhutto,AgricultureCollageDokri 3SchoolofAgronomy,AnhuiAgricultureUniversityHefei-230036,AnhuiProvince,P.R.China 4AgricultureengineeringDepartment,AnhuiAgriculturalUniversity,Hefei-230036,AnhuiProvince,P.R.China 5SchoolofTeaandFoodScienceTechnology,AnhuiAgriculturalUniversity,Hefei-230036, AnhuiProvince,P.R.China
Received: August 28, 2017 Accepted: April 11, 2018
Theresultsof theexperiment showed thatvariouscombination ofNitrogen andPhosphorus(NP)levelssignificantly affected crop parameters. The maximumcrop stand m-2 (128.7),plant height cm(59.54), number ofbranches plant-1
(12.74), number ofpods plant-1 (33.32), number of seeds plant-1 (376.2) seed weight plant-1 (17.61g) seedindex
(32.05g) andseedyield(2290.0kgha-1)were foundwith theapplicationofNP combination level of50-75kgha-1 . Whereas, for varieties, V1 i.e. AEM-96 surpass in all parameters as compared to V2 i.e. NM-94, which gave maximum (120.11) crop stand m-2, maximum (52.55 cm) plant height, 10.67 plant m-2 ,maximum(24.03)branches plant-1 , maximum (15.07)pods plant-1 , maximum (30.01 g) seed weight plant-1 and maximum(2439.2 kg ha-1) seed yield. Among the interactions the highest seed yield was recordedin varietyAEM-96 with NP combination level of 50-75kg ha-1 followed bythe interaction ofvarietyAEM-96 withNP combination of50-50 kgha-1 , whereas lowest seed yield kg ha-1 was recorded varietyNM-94 with NP combination 25.00 kg ha-1The variety AEM-96 under NP combinationlevel50-75kgha-1 performbetter andgavehighest yield2439.2kgha-1 . KEYWORDS: Fertilizer;Yield;agronomicparameters;Mungbean
Mungbean or green gram (Vignaradiata.L.) is commonlyknown as mung. It belongs to familyleguminoceae. It is an important pulse crop havinghigh nutritional value and low cost protein, containing fair amount ofprotein (24.21 %), vitamin A (80 units), carbohydrates 69.30 % and high caloric value. It restores the fertility of soil by fixing atmosphericnitrogen through rootnodules. In Pakistan, it is grown on asareaof about239.2 thousandhectareswith thetotalannualproductionof115.4 thousandtones.In Sindhprovincethe mungbean is cultivated on an areaof11.1 thousandhectares with theannualproduction of5.5 thousandtones (PakistanStatisticalYearBook,2003).[1] The production of mung is still very low as compared to other developed countries due to various constraints. Among them, appropriate fertilizer application plays an important role for the growth and yield of the mungbean crop. According to Prasad et al. (1998) [2] that potassium increased the total biomass and plant protein in mungbean. Malik et al. (2000) [3] reported that maximum seed index, grain yield and protein were obtained satisfactory from the plots where inoculated seed was grown with phosphorous applied at the rate of 50 kg ha-1 . Thus, increase in grain yield was attributed to increase the number ofpods per plant, number ofgrains per pod and heavier grain weight. Abd-El-Lateef et al. (1998a) [4] noted that the application of urea with Zn increased the number of branches per plant and protein content in seeds while, the greatest numbers of leaves per plant were produced from the combined application of urea with Mn, Zn and Cu. Further, Bamelet al. (2002) [5] reported that combination ofN, P, K and Zn fertilizer at the recommended rate resulted in better plant growth as well as reduced nematodedamage individually, and application ofdi-ammoniumphosphate at higher rate resulted in thebetter plant growth. Being a leguminous crop, mungbean does not need a high dose of nitrogenous fertilizer however 20 kg N ha-1 as a starter dose was found for good crop growth and accelerated nodulation. Rajenderet al. (2003) [6] also observed that grain yield at mungbean increased with nitrogen at the rate of 20 kg ha-1 over control and crop
Corresponding Author: Sikandar AliJamro,SchoolofAgronomyAnhuiAgricultureUniversityHefei -230036,AnhuiProvince, P.R.China
exhibited better cost benefit ratio however Patel et al.(2003)[7] with carefulinvestigations found that 10 kgN ha-1 wasenoughbetter mungbeancropproduction. Field crops require 16 essential nutrients to grow normally. Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen are derived from the air comprise greater than 90 per cent of the fresh plant tissue. Macronutrients, needed in large amounts, derived from the soil are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium, and magnesium. Legumes are the exception because theyfix Nfrom the air. With afew exceptions, Ca andMg are not limitingbecause of the nature of the soils. The soil supplyofN, P, K, andSis often supplementedbyfertilizers and manure. The remaining essential nutrients, derived from the soil, are referred to as micronutrients, because they are needed in small amounts(Sharmaet al., 2003).[8] For plant growth and development, the role of essential nutrients like N, P and K is of prime importance. Nitrogen has importantrole in the physiologicalprocess of theplant and its appropriate rate at the time of sowing leads to rapid leaf area development, prolongs leaves life, improves leaf area duration (LAD), after flowering causing increase in overall assimilation rate, thus contributing to increased seed yield. Phosphorushelpsin energy transfer reactions and is important for the growth of roots and branches of the plants, whereas its deficiency restrictsboth top and root growth. With severedeficiency, the root system is poorlydeveloped and stems are thin and erect with few branches and small, narrow leaves (Tahir et al., 2003)[9]. The Potassium has key role in increasing theplant vigor, straw length andhelps in speedyhealing of wounds caused byinsects or hail and wind. Deficiency of potassium also causes in yield reduction due to stunt growth of plants and seeds of small size (Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappan, 2001) [10]. The growers mostly apply nitrogenous, phosphatic and to some extent potassic fertilizers. However, the recent studies revealed that the application of P is an essential element for maintaining the soil fertility. Deficiency of P is attributed to removal by high yielding crop varieties, use of high dosesandpureformsofNPKnutrient fertilizersandintensivesystemof cultivation (Anonymous,2003).[1] Generally in rainfed areas, no fertilizers and manures are applied; in some places farmers may apply a small amount of F.Y.M. (e.g. 8-15 t ha-1) 3-4 weeks before sowing. In irrigated areas, a small amount of mineral fertilizer (10-15 kg ha-1 N, 20-30 kg ha-1 P2O5) is either placed in the seed furrow or broadcast and mixed in the soil. Under improved cultivation practices: irrigated, basal application of 18-20 kg ha-1 N, 40-50 kg ha-1 P2O5, plus K, Zn, S if required; un-irrigated,basal application of 10-15 kg ha-1 N and 20-30 kgha-1 P2O5, followed by a foliar spray of 2 % urea at pod development. Di-ammonium phosphate, urea and single super phosphate are commonlyused (Zeven,1998)[11]. Singh et al. (2001) [12]cultivated Vignaradiata , cv. K-851, in 30, 60 or 90 kg P2O5 and 5, 10 or 15 ppm Zn, compared with untreated controls. P and Zn application increased the seed protein, N and P contains higher P2O5 increased seed yield considerably. Thakur and Giri (2001)[13] applied 0, 25,50 or 75 kg P2O5ha-1 as Single Super Phosphate or Di-ammonium Phosphate is mungbean, Vignaradiata(L). seed and straw yields were not significantly affected by P source, and seed yield average of 0.91 , 1.00, 1.24 and 1.13 t ha-1 at the 4 P rates, respectively. P uptakewasalsohighestwith50 kgP2O5. Keeping in view the importanceofmungbean as pulse crop and its management in relation to chemical fertilizers, the present experiment was conducted to examine the growth and yield response of mungbeanunder the influence of NP combination levels under agro-ecological conditions of Tandojam.To evaluate the impact of NP levels on growth, yield and yield components of mungbean,To determine the most appropriate NP level for maximizing mungbean yield.
An was carried out to evaluate the growth and yield response of mungbean under the influence ofNP combination levelsduring the year 2013 attheExperimentalAreaofOilseeds Section, AgricultureResearch Institute, Tandojam. Thedetailoftheexperimentwasasunder: Experimentaldesign: RandomizedComplete BlockDesign(RCBD) Replications: 03 Plotsize:3x3m=(9m2) Treatment Two factor(A andB) Factor –A =Varieties =02
V1=AEM-96 V2=NM-94
F0=(Control)0-0NP, F1=25-0NPkgha-1 , F2=25-50NPkgha-1
F3=25-75NPkgha-1 , F4=50-0NPkgha-1 , F5=50-50NPkgha-1 F6=50-75NPkgha-1
T1=V1F1 T2= V1F2 T3= V1F3 T4= V1F4 T5=V1F5 T6= V1F6 T7= V2F1 T8= V2F2 T9=V2F3 T10=V2F4 T11=V2F5 T12=V2F6
A suitable piece of land which was lying fallow was ploughed up by cross-wise disc plough, after soaking dose, when the land came in condition the seedbed was prepared by using cultivator (cross-wise) and rotavator. Thereafter, clodswerecrushedcompletelybyclodcrusher followedbyplanking. The sowing was done with the help of single coulter hand drillin lines. The treatments were managed in such away to discriminate the plots or treatments and replications easily the channels and bunds were prepared to facilitate the irrigation processandfurther monitoring ofthe crop against anypestproblem.Thecultivated mungbeantwo varieties AEM-96 and NM-94 were used in this experiment. The experiment comprised of the following treatments. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied in the form of Single Super Phosphate. As per schedule of treatments, all the Phosphorus in the form ofSSP (18 %P2O5) was applied at the time of sowing. A uniform dose of nitrogen was also applied to keep the experimental soil adequate in this essential nutrient. Nitrogen was applied in the form of Urea (46%) in three splits. The first dose of nitrogen (1/3 N) was applied at the time of sowing, the second (1/3 N) at the first irrigation and the final (1/3 N) at the time of third irrigation. Irrigations were applied as per the schedule. Potassium fertilizer was not applied, as soil was adequate in K. The row spacing maintained at 75 cm apart and distance between plants was 30 cm. The recommended cultural practices were performed in all the subplots. Irrigationswere applied according to the requirementsof the crop depending upon thesoilmoisture conditions. In all twoirrigationwereappliedafter28-days and50-daysafter sowing.
Fiveplantsin each treatment wereselected atrandomfor all theobservations, theseplantsweretagged andnumbered separately.Theobservationswererecorded on the followingparameters. 1. Crop standsm-2
2. Plantheight(cm) 3. Branchesplant-1 4. Podsplant-1 5. Seedsplant-1
The treatments including on 07 NP fertilizer combination viz. F0=0-0 (Control), F1=25-00, F2=25-50, F3=2575, F4=50-00, F5=50-50 and F6=50-75 kg ha-1 . The observations were recorded on the characters of economic importance such as: Crop stand m-2 , plant height (cm), branches plant-1, pods plant-1, seeds plant-1, seed weight plant-1, seed index (1000 seed weight, g) and seed yield kg ha-1 . The data recorded on the above characters are presentedin Table-1 to 8and their analyses of variances are given as Appendices Ito VIII. The findings of results areinterpretedin the followingparagraphs:
Crop standis the major yield component, the resultsregarding their mean crop stand m-2 of mungbean as affectedby NP combination levels are presented in Table-1 and its analysis of variance as Appendix-I. The results revealed that there was significant(P<0.01)effecton crop standm-2 due to differentNP combinationlevels. It is apparent from Table-1 that plant stand m-2 were significantly affected (P<0.01) maximum 128.7 m-2 were recorded when mung bean crop was fertilized with highest NP combination level 50-75 kg ha-1 followed by NP combination of 50-50 kg ha-1 . The mung bean crop when applied lower NP combination i.e. 25-00 kg ha-1 which recorded lower crop stand m-2.Further results revealed that variety AEM-96 recorded better crop stand m-2 (120.11) than variety NM-94, furthermore, among the interactions of NP combination and varieties. Data displayed the maximum plant stand m-2(130.00) in the interaction of 50-75 x AEM-96 whereas, minimum plant stand m-2 103.33 wasrecordedin theinteractionof25.00NPkgha-1 xNM-94.
Varieties
F1= F2= F3= F4= F5= F6= 25-00 25-50 25-75 50-00 50-50 50-75
V1=AEM-96
105.0-E 115.0-D 120.2-C 118.7-C 124.2-B 128.7-A
Mean
S.E. for Treatment Mean | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Varieties | Fertilizer | V xF | S.E. / Plot | C.V % | ||
0.2750 | 0.4763 | 0.6736 | 1.1666 | 0.98% | ||
Cd-1 | 0.7800 | 1.3970 | - | - | - | |
Cd-2 | 1.0700 | 1.8999 | - | - | - |
Plant height is the major growth character which is reflected bythe soil fertility under which crop grown. Theresultsregarding the plantheightof mungbean as affectedbydifferentphosphoruslevels arerecorded in Table2andthe analysisof variance asAppendix-II.Theanalysisofvariancesuggested that therewassignificant(P<0.01) effecton theplantheight ofmungbean due to differentNP combination levels. It is apparent from the data in Table-2 that plant height was significantly (P<0.01) maximum (59.54 cm) when the mungbean crop was fertilized with highest NP combination of 50-75 kg ha-1 , closely followed by NP combination of50-50kgha-1 with average plant height of56.47 cm. The mungbean crop when fertilized with relatively lower NP combination of 25-50 kg ha-1, the average plant height was considerably decreased to 47.70 cm, respectively. The mungbean crop under control plots, where phosphorus was not applied resulted in minimum plant height of 37.58 cm. It was noted that each increased phosphorus level up to 75 kg ha-1 substantially improved the plant height. Further results demonstratedthattallerplants52.55 cmwerenotedin varietyAEM-96 thanvarietyNM-94.Furthermore, results revealed that taller plants 61.22 cm were displayed by the interaction of NP combination of50-75 kg ha-1 and variety AEM-96 and smaller plants 35.90 cm were recorded among the interaction of NP combinationand varieties i.e.25.00NPkgha-1 andvarietyNM-94.
F1= F2= F3= F4= F5= F6= 25-00 25-50 25-75 50-00 50-50 50-75
37.58-F 47.70-E 54.45-C 52.29-D 56.47-B 59.54-A
Mean
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V x F | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
0.1778 | 0.3079 | 0.4355 | 0.7543 | 1.47 % | |
Cd-1 | 0.5100 | 0.9032 | - | - | - |
Cd-2 | 0.7000 | 1.2280 | - | - | - |
Number ofbranches is one of the most important growth character as well as yield contributing trait which resulted that more pods plant-1 . The data pertaining to the number of branches plant-1of mung bean as affected by different NP combination are presented in Table-3 and the analysis of variance is shown as Appendix-III. The results of the analysis of variance suggested that the number ofbranches plant-1 significantly(P<0.01) affected due todifferent NP combination levels.
The mung bean crop fertilized with highest NP combination produced significantly (P<0.01) highest numberofbranches(12.74)plant-1 ,closelyfollowedbyNP combinationof50-50kgha-1with12.04branchesplant-1 and varietyAEM-96 displayed maximum branches 10.67plant-1 than varietyNM-94.Further among the interaction of NP combination and varieties, the maximum branches (13.27) plant-1 were recorded in the interaction of 50-75 NP kg ha-1 and AEM-96 minimum number ofbranches (5.21) plant-1 were noted in the interaction of 25.00 NP kg ha-1 and variety NM-94. However, in plots where the mung bean crop was left without NP had lowest number of branches(6.15)plant-1 .
Table3.Mean numberofbranchesplant-1 of mungbean varieties as affected bydifferent NPfertilizer combination levels.
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V x F | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
0.1497 | 0.2593 | 0.3667 | 0.6348 | 6.28 % | |
Cd-1 | 0.4300 | 0.7601 | - | - | - |
Cd-2 | 0.5900 | 1.0330 | - | - | - |
Numberofpodsplant-1 ismainlyassociatedwith thenumber ofbranchesplant-1 andgenerallyit isassumed that more the number of branches plant-1 , greater will be the number of pods. The results regarding the number of pods plant-1 of mungbean as affected bydifferent fertilizer NP combination are given in Table-4 and the analysis of variance as Appendix-IV. The analysis of variance illustrated that the number of pods plant-1 was affected significantly(P<0.01)duetodifferent NP combination levels.
VarietyAEM-96 recordedmaximumnumber ofpodsplant-1 thanvarietyNM-94.Further theresultsamong the interactions of NP combination and varieties, the highest number of pods plant-1 34.63 were obtained in the interaction of NP combination of 50-75 kg ha-1 and variety AEM-96 and minimum number of pods plant-1 14.40 were recorded in the interaction of25.00 kgha-1 and varietyNM-94.It isobvious fromTable-4, that the mungbean crop fertilized with highest NP combination of 50-75 kg P ha-1 , produced significantly (P<0.01) maximum number ofpods plant-1 , closely followed byNP combination of50-50 kg ha-1 where the crop bearing average of33.32 pods plant-1 , whereas, the minimum number ofpods plant-1 (15.80) was recorded in mungbean plants that received zero NP fertilizers (control). It was noted that P application had positive effect on the number ofpods, and increase in P levels,significantlyimproved thenumberofpods.
15.80-F 17.85-E 21.69-C 19.99-D 28.29-B 33.32-A
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V x F | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
0.1832 | 03173 | 0.4487 | 0.7772 | 3.41 % | |
Cd-1 | 0.5300 | 0.9306 | - | - | - |
Cd-2 | 0.7300 | 1.2650 | - | - | - |
Numberofseedsplant-1 isan importantcharacter thathaddirect effecton theseed yieldplant-1 andper unit area. Generally, it is assumed that more the number ofpods, greater willbe the number of seeds plant-1 .The results regarding the number of seeds plant-1 of mung bean as affected by different NP combination levels are given in Table-5,its analysis of variance asAppendix-V.Theanalysisofvariance suggested that the number of seeds plant-1 wasaffected significantly(P<0.01)duetodifferentfertilizer NP combination levels. It can be seen from Table-5 that highest NP combination level revealed in significantly (P<0.01) highest (376.2) number ofseeds plant-1 , closelyfollowed byNP combination level of50-50 NP kg ha-1where the mung bean plant bearing an average of362.1 seeds plant-1 ,however, the lowest (184.4) number ofseeds plant-1 was counted in mung bean plantswhichreceived nophosphorusfertilizers(control).
The results further indicated that NP application positively affected the number of seeds, and each increment in NP levels, significantlyincreased the number of seeds. Further results revealed that maximumnumber of seeds plant-1 301.42 was recorded by variety AEM-96 than variety NM-94, among the interaction of NP combination and varieties, the highest number of seeds plant-1 (377.4) were recorded by the interactions of 50-75 NPkgha-1 andvarietyAEM-96 whereas,minimumseedsplant-1 182.7 werenotedin theinteractionof25.00NPkg ha-1 andvarietyNM-94.
Table5.Mean numberof seedsplant-1 of mungbean varietiesas affected by different NPfertilizer combination levels.
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V x F | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
0.2022 | 0.3502 | 0.4953 | 0.8579 | 0.29 % | |
Cd-1 | 0.5919 | 1.0270 | 1.453 | - | - |
Cd-2 | 0.8064 | 1.3960 | 1.974 | - | - |
The results regarding the weight of seeds plant-1 of mungbean as affected by different NP s combination levels are shown in Table-6 and the analysis of variance as Appendix-VI. The results of the analysis of variance described that the weight of seeds plant-1 was influenced significantly (P<0.01) due to different NP combination levels.
Theresultsshown in Table-6,indicated that the highest(17.61g) weightofseedsplant-1 wasobtained from the mungbean crop which fertilized with highest NP combination, closely followed by 16.39 g average weight of seeds plant-1 recorded fromthe crop receiving 50-50 NP combination kg ha-1 . However, the lowest (10.82g) weight of seeds plant-1 was noted in mung bean plants which were left unfertilized with P (control). The results further showed that there was a linear effect of increasing P levels on weight of seeds plant-1 and there was consecutive improvement inweightofseeds.
Similarly, like number of seeds plant-1 varietyAEM-96 displayed maximum seeds weight plant-1(15.07 g) than variety NM-94. Among the interactions of NP combination and varieties the highest seeds weight plant1(18.72g) were recorded in the interaction of 50-75 NP kg ha-1 and variety AEM-96 whereas lowest seeds weight plant-1 (10.35g) wererecordedin theinteraction of25.00NPkgha-1 andvarietyNM-94.
F1= F2= F3= F4= F5= F6= 25-00 25-50 25-75 50-00 50-50 50-75
10.82-E 12.76-D 14.90-C 13.50-D 16.39-B 17.61-A
Mean
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V x F | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
0.1141 | 0.1976 | 0.2794 | 0.4837 | 3.38 % | |
Cd-1 | 0.3340 | 0.5492 | - | - | - |
Cd-2 | 0.4550 | 0.7872 | - | - | - |
Seed index value is generally considered as quantity and quality character in grain seed producing crops andparticularlyconsidered.Thedata pertaining to seed index ofmungbean as affectedbydifferentNP combination are recorded in Table-7 and the analysis of variance as Appendix-VII. The analysis of variance illustrated that the seedindexwasinfluencedsignificantly(P<0.01)undertheeffect ofdifferentNP combination levels. It is apparent from the data in Tabsle-7 that seed index value was significantly(P<0.01) higher (32.05 g) when the crop received highestNP combination levelof50-75kg ha-1 ,closelyfollowedbyNP combination levelof50-50kg ha-1resulting seed index value of 31.07g. The seed index value under control plots was minimum (27.03 g), where zero NP combination was applied to mung bean crop. It was noted that each increased phosphorus level upto 75 kg ha-1 substantiallyimproved the seed index value. The situation suggested that 50-75 NP combination kg P ha-1 was anoptimumlevelforproducing economicalmungbeanproduction.
Further data indicated that highest seed index 30.01 g was displayed by varietyAEM-96 than varietyNM
94. Among the interactions the maximum seed index 32.47 g was displayed by the interaction of50-75 NP kg ha-1 and variety AEM-96 were as minimumseedindex 26.46 was recordedin the interaction of25.00NPkgha-1 and varietyNM-94.
Varieties | NP Fertilizer combination levels kg ha-1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1= 25-00 | F2= 25-50 | F3= 25-75 | F4= 50-00 | F5= 50-50 | F6= 50-75 |
V1=AEM-96
27.03-F 27.97-E 29.99-C 28.97-D 31.07-B 32.05-A
Mean
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V x F | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
0.1331 | 0.2305 | 0.3260 | 0.5648 | 1.91 % | |
Cd-1 | 0.3896 | 0.6763 | - | - | - |
Cd-2 | 0.5308 | 0.9192 | - | - | - |
Seed yield (kg ha-1)
Theseed yieldha-1 isacharacterofultimate importantand mostof thestudiesfocusto reachitshighestNP combination under certain treatments or crop varieties. The results regarding the seed yield ha-1 of mungbean as affected bydifferent NP combination levels are recorded in Table-8 and the analysis of variance as Appendix-VIII. The analysis of variance illustrated that the seed yield ha-1 was significantly(P<0.01) affected due to different NP combinationlevels.
It can be seen from the results presented in Table-8 that the highest seed yield (2290.0 kg ha-1) was obtained from the mungbean crop fertilized with highest NP combination level of 50-75 kg P ha-1, while it was closely followed by an average seed yield of 2058.0 kg ha-1 was recorded from the crop receiving NP combination of 50-50 kg ha-1 . However, the minimum seed yield of 1153.0 kg ha-1 was recorded from the plots receiving zero phosphorus fertilizer (control).Theresults further suggested that therewasa linear effectofincreasingP levelsupto 75 kgha-1 on seed yieldha-1 . Further the results revealed thatmaximum seed yieldkgha-1 1832.80 wasrecorded by the varietyAEM-96 than varietyNM-94. Among the interactions the results reported that highest seed yield 2439.2 kg ha-1 was recorded by the interaction of 50-75 NP kg ha-1 and variety AEM-96, but lowest seed yield kg ha-1 1103.8 wasnotedin theinteractionof25.00NPkgha-1 and varieties.
Fertilizer NP combination levels kg ha-1
1103.8 1354.2 1639.1 1559.1 1875.9 2140.3 1153.0-F 1463.0-E 1748.0-C 1622.0-D 2058.0-B 2290.0-A
Mean
S.E. for Treatment Mean | |||||
Varieties | Fertilizer | V xF | S.E. /Plot | C.V % | |
10.3681 | 17.9582 | 25.3967 | 43.9883 | 2.55% | |
Cd-1 | 30.3518 | 52.6700 | 74.4900 | - | - |
Cd-2 | 41.3483 | 71.5900 | 101.2000 | - | - |
In Pakistan, mostly nitrogenous fertilizers are applied, and less attention is given to the significance of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers; while the application of P is essential for maintaining the soil fertility. Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth it stimulates growth of young plants, giving them a good and vigorous start. Phosphorus management and nutrition has both economic and environmental implications. Phosphorus exists in soils in organic and inorganic forms. Organic forms of P are found in humus and other organic material. The process is most rapid in warm, well-drained soils. Research shows that 1% of the total soil organic phosphorus is mineralized per year during mung bean production. However, since initial levels are low, and plant uptake is only one possible fate of the mineralized phosphorus, the contribution bymineralization to plant available phosphorus is small(Anonymous,2003)[1].
In thepresent study, seven NP combinations0-0,25-00,25-50,25-75,50-00,50-50 and50-75 kgha-1 were examined to evaluate their effect on seed germination, plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds plant-1 , weight ofseed plant-1 ,1000seed weight and seed yieldkg ha-1 . The results showed that application of NP combination had significant (P<0.01) effect on all the above growth and seed yield contributing characters ofmungbeanand therewas alinear andsignificant (P<0.01)effectofincreasingP levels and highest NP combinationof50-75kgha-1 recorded maximumvalues for all thegrowth and yield components,closely followedby50-50NP combination ha-1 .
Kumar et al. (2002a) [14] examined the effect of different P levels in the research studies In conducted in Indiaon mungbean .TheyappliedP at 0,20, 40 and60 kg ha-1 Therereport are that number ofbranches, number of pods plant-1 ,number ofseeds pod-1 , 1000-seed weight and straw yield increased with increasing rates ofP, whereas grain yield was highest under 40 kg P ha-1 . This little contradiction may have associated with the fertility of the experimental soil and overall environmental conditions, because our soils have severe deficiency of N followed by
P. Similarly, in another study in India, Lukoki et al. (2000)[15] applied phosphorus at 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha-1 levels andobtainedhigher grain yield(764 kgha-1)with25kgPha-1 ,while in presentstudythe yield levelwaswell higher(>2290kgha-1).under50-75kgha-1 . Whereas variety AEM-96 recorded maximum seed yield 1832.80 kg ha-1 than variety NM-94. But among the interactions the maximum seed yield 2439.2 kg ha-1 was recorded by interaction of NP kg ha-1 50-75 and variety AEM-96 followed bytheinteraction NP kgha-1 50-50 x varietyAEM-96 i.e. 2241.9 kg ha-1 whereas minimum seed yield kgha-1 1103.8 wasrecordedbythe interaction ofNPkgha-1 25.00 andvarietyNM-94. Parsad et al. (2000) [16]applied phosphorus at 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 in mungbean and obtained highest seed yield with 60 kg P ha-1 , while Srinivas and Mohammad (2002) [17]concluded that plant height, number ofbranches and leaves plant-1 , number of pods plant-1 , pod length, number of seeds pod-1 , 1000-seed weight, and seed and haulm yield generallyincreased with increasing rates ofP. In another studyThind et al.(2002)[18] recommended 90 kgP ha-1 for higher mungbean yield, while Patel et al. (2003)[7] obtained higher mungbean yields from P application upto60kgha-1 .
Considerableresearchin Pakistan on the similar aspects has also been conducted.Nadeemet al.(2004)[19] reported that application of60 kgP2O5significantlyincreased the seed yield,while Goswami(2006)[20]examined50, 75and100kgha-1 Plevelsand reported that 100 kg P ha-1 along with 75 kg N resulted in better growth and higher valuesin yield contributing characters. The comparison of the values for growth and yield components obtained in the present investigation and results reported from other parts of the world on the similar aspect, it can be easilyjustified that 75 kgP ha-1 with 50 kgN ha-1 remained mostlyoptimumfor gettinghigher economical mungbean yields in Tandojamconditions.
It was concluded from the findings of the present study that there was a linear and significant (P<0.01) effect of NP combination levels on the growth and seed yield kg ha-1 . The above trend of effectiveness makes it obvious that NP combination levels 50-75 kg ha-1 performed better seed yield production of varietyAEM-96 under agro-climaticconditionsofTandojam.